What is Reality? Philosophy Essays

What is Reality? Philosophy Essays In this essay we look at the theories of Plato, Descartes and Locke and their views on what reality is, we look at what perception means to reality, and how everyones view on reality is different. As we begin to question what reality is, we learn more about ourselves and our perceptions of life, we begin to question ourselves, and we slowly learn what reality means to us, as individuals. This essay should hopefully encourage deep thinking about reality and existence; it aims to bring individuals to closer to understanding what life means to them. Every day we trust in our senses to tell us the truth, we believe what we see, smell, touch, hear, and taste, but do we ever question whether or not our senses are lying to us, do we ever stop to think that perhaps our senses are being manipulated? If we can doubt if our senses tell us the truth, than how can we know what really exists? An Individuals perception is completely their own, the way that one person perceives things, may be completely different than the way another individual perceives things. In one passage from Renee Descartes, he questions if beliefs are impossible even though they are derived from the senses. He asked himself how could it be denied that these hands or this whole body is mine? He then compares himself to mentally disturbed people saying that mentally disturbed individuals sometimes believe that they are somewhere, or that they see things, that are not correct. Who are we to question someone elses sanity? What is it that makes our perceptions reality and a mentally disturbed persons perceptions incorrect? (http://www.writework.com/essay/descartes-view-real) When a sentient being acknowledges that they exist in a world of physical objects, they also confirm that their sense perception functions to an extent which allows them to reason, even to a small degree, their physical existence. What is a physical object? Does a physical object have to be something you can see, touch, feel, taste, or smell or can a physical object exist without one being able to confirm its existence? Is the sensory perception of a fly wrong just because it has over a 1000 eyes or is the way humans view the world incorrect because we do not? A blind man can still help a person distinguish a colour because no one perception is ever totally interpreted by only one sensory organ. Many other animals on earth do not just rely on their sight for information about their world. For instance fish in totally dark areas of the ocean have no eyes and yet can still maneuve r around in their environment by sensing ripples in their area with special sense organs on their body. Birds also seem to use the magnetic lines of the earth to navigate south for the winter each year. It would be foolish to make the statement that all sensory perception of the world is circumspect and is exactly the same for all creatures. Firstly, we need to look at what perception and reality mean, the definition of perception is the  act  or  faculty  of apprehending  by  means  of  the  senses  or  of  the  mind;  cognition;  understanding. This means that perception is what we sense in our environment from what our senses and mind tells us. The definition of reality is the state or quality of being real (dictionary.com) but if we know what is real because of our perceptions and senses, how do we know our senses can be trusted to tell us the truth, and thus how do we know what is real? Every philosopher has searched within themselves for the answer to what is reality, and how we know what is real, but every philosopher has their own views on reality, to begin idealist Renee Descartes argued that sensations and experience can be doubted, so it is pure reason, not the senses, that must form the basis of Truth and what reality is. Next, an Idealist, Plato who claimed that the world of ideas, for example the ideal nature or essence of a tree or a circle or a color, was more fundamental, more real, than physical reality, and that physical reality, a tree for instance, comes into being as an imperfect instance of the ideal.  John Locke an empiricist said that the mind starts out without any knowledge and everything one knows is built up from experience through the senses. So who is right? Is there any one way to know what reality really is? In Descartes his first and second meditations he claims that all our beliefs can be doubted because our senses could simply be just an illusion, he goes on to say that although all our beliefs cannot be certain, because we think and experience, our minds must exist. Descartes argued that our ordinary experiences and views of the world cannot give us the kind of affirmed foundation on which all other knowledge and beliefs can be based. We are often dismayed to acknowledge that what we have learned is simply detriment, or that what our senses tell us is not certain. That should make us wonder about whether all the other things we believe might also be uncertain. So is there anything that we can know for certain without a doubt? We can doubt whether there is a physical world and whether we have a physical body. We can doubt whether our own reasoning can be trusted, so then what can we absolutely know for certain? Descartes gives an example that even if a higher power deceives us about a ll our other beliefs, there is one belief that we can be certain about, which is that we are thinking. Even to doubt this belief is proving that we are thinking. And since thinking cannot occur without there being something that does the thinking, this proves that we exist. When we think, it proves we have a mind, regardless of whether we have bodies. The body we experience as our own is not an essential part of our self because we can doubt its existence in a way that we cannot doubt the existence of our mind. Plato believed that reality was in the form of two separate worlds, he believed that something was an individual object, but could be put together into a larger group. For example there are multiple breeds of cats, but they all fall under a larger group, which is cats, or felines. Another analogy that Plato came up with was the allegory of the cave. Here the physical world is in the form of a cave, in which the humans are trapped from the beginnings of our life, where we are stationary and cannot move our heads, so we perceive only shadows and sounds. Without reason, one of us is released and is encouraged to travel upward to the entrance of the cave. This revelation is very confusing to the person. Then he is pulled to the entrance of the cave, where the light is hurting his eyes that are accustomed to the dark, which threatens the only security his life has known. The world of daylight represents the realm of Ideas. His eyes grow accustomed to the light and he can look up to the sun, and understand what the ultimate source of light and life is. This is symbolic of the Idea of the Good in the Realm. This gradual process is a metaphor of education, and enlightenment. Yet the real lesson of Plato is that the enlightened person now has a moral responsibility to the unfortunate people, still in the cave, to rescue them and bring them into the light. This lesson brings about Socrates famous quote, As for the man who tried to free them and lead them upward, if they could somehow lay their hands on him and kill him, they would do so. This is ironic in nature. The fact that this man is trying to help these people and they are so uneducated masses will resent him and threaten his life. Lastly, John Locke stated that we define objects by primary and secondary properties; primary properties being undeniably objective features such as size and shape, and secondary properties being subjective such as colour and taste. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dQpDNtsIAE) Lockes theory on reality is called Representative Realism, it is the view that sense data (an immediate object of perception, which is not a material object; a sense impression) somehow represents the objects and that these objects are causally involved in our production of the sense data. Our perception of objects is thus indirect; hence, representative realism is a kind of indirect realism. (An Introduction to Epistemology, second edition, 277) This view argues that we experience reality indirectly by perceptions that represent the real world. So, if we see a brown table, what we are actually seeing is not the table itself but a representation of it. In this way, differences of perception which occur due to c hanges in light conditions, position of viewer, etc., can be easily explained: it is not the object which is changing, only the perception of it. As an example, a man is standing on the corner of a busy road and witnesses two cars collide. Neither driver is hurt, but both step out of their cars to inspect the damage. Driver A is a young mother with a young child in the back of the car; driver B is a business executive in a hurry; the witness is an old man wearing glasses. As the two drivers argue about whose fault it was, the man approaches them and offers to confirm what he saw happening. What does each of them see? Whose is the correct view?   It is evident that the mind knows not things immediately, but only by the intervention of the ideas it has of them. Our knowledge therefore, is real, only so far as there is conformity between our ideas and the reality of things. But what shall be here the criterion? How shall the mind, when it perceives nothing but its own ideas, know they agree with things themselves? (John Locke, 452) So who is right? These are just three different views on reality out of hundreds, and possibly even thousands from other philosophers, but is there any one way to know if one philosophers theory is right over another? One thing most of these theories have in common is that our perceptions of reality, how we view things through our senses and the different objects we see, may not be what is certainly real, they suggest that what our perceptions of reality are, are not really what reality is. What this means is that for the average person living, their reality is based upon ignorance towards other truths. Throughout the span of humanity, we as a species have looked upon the workings of the universe through the lens of religion, using it to explain the unexplainable. However, secularized sciences began to surface and thus, scientific explanations began to replace religious beliefs. What was previously the affliction of ignorance towards the people who used religion to perceive the world around them transformed into a truth. However, as the sciences and technology grew more advanced, previous scientific theorems began to be disproved by newly discovered ones. Again, the ignorance transforms into truth; nonetheless, each and every time ignorance converts to truth new ignorance manifests. As an example in while inside the matrix, Neo had no idea that his reality was created by the workings of a machine. To him, the food he ate was real, and the punches he took in the face were painful. He perceived the mechanical world he resides in to be reality, to be real. However, as soon as he awakens to the new reality, outside of the machine, his previous life became an obsolete truth to him, and this new one became his new reality. Reality is a cycle of truth and ignorance, and will continue to be so eternally. Unless one is omniscient, there will always be a truth, a fact, in existence that will carry the potential to disprove everything we know. As humans we struggle to know why we exist and what reality is, but many of us are too afraid to give up the comfort of believing what we see to be true to discover the answers to what reality is, because of this there are select few individuals who question their life and what it means, these individuals give insight to others and are able to teach other individuals about what it means to question our existence and perceptions. Although for many of us the theories of philosophers such as Descartes, Plato, and Locke may seem wildly unlikely, the more we question what reality is, the more we ourselves create new theories about reality, and they themselves may seem far-fetched to other individuals. We may look at what other philosophers have theorized in the past, but for us, as individuals, to discover what reality means to us personally, we must think deeply ourselves, we must theorize and question ourselves until we are so confused by our questions we no longer know what it means to exist. We cannot rely on other theories of reality because everyone perceives reality differently, what one person may perceive is different than what another person may perceive, and because of this not everyone can have the same views and theories on what reality and existence means. Some of us may see God as an important part and influence in our reality, while others may not. Some people may say nothing truly exists, and that we are just an illusion and others may say everything they see is real. No one is wrong; our individual views on reality are personal, our perceptions are not the same as other individuals perceptions, and that does not mean one is wrong or right. What it means is that we as humans have the responsibly to question ourselves, to question what it means to live. In order for any of us to achieve true happiness we must question reality, existence, and our perceptions. If we live in ignorance, we are not truly being happy; we are letting ourselves be satisfied with not understanding the world. Thinking deeply about reality inspires growth, it inspires us to realize there is more to the world then what we can see, the world is a limitless place of our desires.

Eddie Mabo is not only a hero of the film Mabo? Essay

In the film , the director Rachel Perkin demonstrate us that Eddie Mabo is a hero . He commit himself fully to fight tirelessly for aboriginal rights of land. In the process , Eddie Mabo get much support by his wife, his lawyers, his friends. These people sacrifice something and bear pressure for supporting Eddie Mabo. So these people also are heroes. Meanwhile , Australia government also is anti-hero, the government admit the mistake and reconcile with aboriginals and apology. Nera . Eddie Mabo’s wife. As a wife she bring up their family with Eddie often absent, ans in the early days has to work at night in a prawn-packing factory to help when she heavily pregnant with their fourth child. Nera’s support for Eddie does not only involve bringing up their family for Eddie,she also develops deep faith in his cause, her attitude changed completely. In the early,she says to Eddie†if you do not stop mixing with those commos I am leaving you and take children away from you.After she hears about The Aboriginal Advancement League from Eddie,she becomes a committed worker for aboriginal right She teaches aboriginal children skill in the Aboriginal school Eddie establishes . When the family receive death threats, Eddie wants to send Nera and children away, but Nera says she is not going anywhere. In fact , she is aware of the danger,but she still stay with Eddie Mabo , not going to run away from Eddie Mabo. Those situation show us Nera is strong, loyal , hard-working . So Nera is a hero. Bryan Keon-Cohen is Eddie Mabo’s lawyer. After Eddie Mabo lose his land-right case in supreme court, Eddie decide to take the case to the High Court ,he meet Bryan Melbourne,this is their first meet.As a lawyer he tirelessly fight for Eddie’s cause. He know there is no money in the case for him and his action is also likely to lose him many other big briefs such as with mining companies or with government. Bryan’s friend says to him:† you’re gonna have to think very carefully, Bryan. It’ll pretty much shape the rest of your career.† .However, in this situation , Bryan still decide to help Eddie Mabo. Finally, he helps Eddie win the case Those example tell us that Bryan is justicial, so he also is a hero. Dave passi is Mer Islander who with Eddie fight , in the supreme court, Killoran intimidates David Passi and his two brothers withraw as plaintiffs. But when the case take to the High Court , Dave Passi returns as a plaintiff, the return of Dave Passi provides new hope for case. We can see Dave Passi bear much pressure. But he still decide to give Mabo support. This action show us  Dave Passi is full of justicial energy as well as Bryan. So , Dave Passi also is a hero. In the film , we can fell the white society is full of racism. In north western Australia , Eddie Mabo going for a drink after work with his fellow white co-workers, he is denied service by the publican , who says, â€Å" you! Out the back!† Later in Townsville he finds this attitude is actually entrenched in white law. Again refused a drink at a bar. Eddie Mabo is told â€Å" It’s not me, mate. It’s the law†. On 26 January , British invade New South Wales.They entrench European culture and customs in the life of the aborigines.they enforce aborigines learn European culture and do not respect the aboriginal culture. However, At the beginning of the film , we can see the Australia government reconcile with Aboriginals. The first screen , Paul kneating says â€Å" Mabo establishes a fundamental truth and lays the basis for.† In fact, The action tell us the government admit these action that they didi are injustice and wrong. The Australia government be brave in admit mistakes and apology .So to an extent the action of the Australia government is a anti-hero. As we have seen, in the film,Eddie Mabo is a hero of the film, but his wife ,his lawyer and his friends bear much pressure and sacrifice something to support Eddie Mabo , so they also are heroes. Even though the Australia government carry out some false measure for aborigines ,but in the end , the government admit the mistakes and apology. so the government is a anti-hero.

About Yourself Essay Samples Help!

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Letter Letter From A Graduate Program - 1646 Words

Leslie Perez Cazarez CHM 121.02 Dear Friend in Australia: In this paper I will address my major, potential minor, rule of chemistry in my future endeavors. A year ago I started conducting a research when I started applying to colleges. I did this research to figure out what universities were my top choices and what majors I was interesting in. I looked up Spanish majors, Engineering, Business, and I found this cool major, Food Science and Technology. I have to tell you that this is one of the coolest majors I have heard of. Not many universities offer this major so I looked up what schools offered this major and that they were nearby because I did not want to go too far away from home and guess what? Remember how I told I wanted to be a†¦show more content†¦First I want to start with Food Science. This is the application of science and technology to the manufacturing, production, processing, product development, packaging, preparation, evaluation, distribution, utilization, and safety of food products. Food Science studies everythi ng that happens to food from the time it leaves the farm, field, or waters until, we, the consumers buy it. Doesn’t it sound like an interesting major? And let me keep explaining you. Food scientists learn how to apply chemistry, engineering, microbiology, biochemistry, and other basic and applied sciences, toxicology, and management as well as industrial and practical aspects to the production, development, processing, preservation, evaluation, distribution, storage, sanitation, and marketing of foods. Great right? Next I want to tell you a little bit more about Culinology. Culinology is the blending of culinary arts and food science and technology (fresnostate.edu). Culinologists are specialized food scientists who develop new food products for food companies, they work in a variety of food processing and culinary settings (fresnostate.edu) which to me, it sounds like the perfect job. But I have also found out on my research how with a Food Science and Technology degree I c an work for the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) or the USDA